The Effects Of Parental Depression On Children - 1901 Words

Introduction According to the National Academy of Sciences, about 15 million children (one in five) in the United States live in households with parents who have major and/or severe forms of depression. Parental depression negatively affects a fathers’ and mothers’ caregiving, ability to physically support and nurture a child, and is associated with poor health and developmental outcomes for children of all ages, including prenatally. Depressed mothers are more likely than non-depressed mothers to have reduced parenting skills and to have undesirable relations with their children. Parents who are depressed are less likely to use age- appropriate practices (such as using car seats, high chairs, or covering electrical outlets) to prevent†¦show more content†¦Long-term, severe maternal depression has been found to have especially adverse consequences for child development and behavior across many spectrums. Five year old children whose mothers experienced frequent and severe d epression were more likely to have behavioral problems and lower language scores than those whose mothers had less chronic or impactful forms of depression. Among families receiving welfare or some form of governmental assistance, children of depressed mothers have lower average scores on math achievement tests than do other children. One study found that when mothers are successfully treated for depression, their children also are less likely to be diagnosed with or show symptoms of depression in the future. (England, 2009)The effects of maternal depression on a child’s future consequences may also be toned-down by higher levels of maternal sensitivity, suggesting that policies aimed at increasing parental compassion and sensitivity, in addition to those reducing parental depression, may be effective in improving child outcomes. Another factor moderating the negative implications of maternal depression on child behavior may be enrollment in proper child care. It was also found that as little as a half-day per week in standard child care at age two buffered the effects of recurrent maternal depression on children’s behavior problems by the time they were ready for elementary school.(England, 2009)

Why Are Learning A Second Language - 945 Words

Behaviorist believe that children learn by imitating what they hear and developing the corresponding skills. They believe that students who are learning a second language take the skills they know from their first language and relate them to concepts they are learning in the second language. When doing this the students will have a positive transfer and a negative transfer of concepts. A positive transfer is when they relate to their second language and there are similarities between the languages, for example when words seem to sound the same and have the same meanings. A negative transfer is when there are differences between the languages making it difficult to break habits that have formed, for example in Spanish when reading or writing the adjectives come after the nouns so students need to learn that in English the nouns come after the adjectives. Since behavioral perspective deals with learning in terms of imitation, reinforcements, and forming habits to learn different languages, they focused mainly on mimicry and memorization. When learning students will memorize sentences and different responses by heart. When learning in this fashion of imitation, it is sometimes difficult for learners to create a sentence out of the blue when talking informally to peers because just having memorized sentences is not enough to carry a conversation. Behaviorist also believed in reinforcements when teaching a new concept or behavior. When teachers want to enforce good behaviorsShow MoreRelatedWhy Motivation Is Key for Second Language Learning Success2023 Words   |  9 PagesWhy student motivation is key to foreign language learning success Author: Christopher Merrifield August 2008 Acquisition requires meaningful interaction in the target language - natural communication - in which speakers are concerned not with the form of their utterances but with the messages they are conveying and understanding. Stephen Krashen. The principles of L2 teaching philosophy has greatly changed from the ancient principles of the Grammar-Translation approach historically usedRead MoreImportance Of Second Language Essay1096 Words   |  5 Pagesspeak and listen using their first language even though there is some illiteracy in existence. And we use a language most every day in our lives. As mankind has evolved in the world, language has evolved as well. The initial language of mankind was very simple communication and very close to how animals communicate. As time has gone by, the language of mankind has developed in many ways until now, so we have really diverse and complex languages unlike the language of animals. Because of that, we canRead MoreArtifical Intelligence Research1089 Words   |  4 Pagesartificial intelligence research can solve this problem? Language consists of many constituents and each of them is full of disagreements and irregularities. At this stage Hatch et el. is trying to find a pattern amongst these irregularities of components. Scholars did not reach an end for language its, there is no conclusive definition for language, Which could show us that we do not know language fully or even near fully. Hatch is saying why do not we try to put all SLA theories on transparenciesRead MoreLearning Strategies to Learn English1058 Words   |  5 PagesLearning strategies to learn English It is time to learn effective strategies for learning English as a second language acquisition. It is important to know that there are some learning strategies to help students how to learn English. Those strategies are learning English by the use of the internet and learning English in a classroom. But there are some students that do not have success on learning English and there are some questions about it: Why some students are not successful EnglishRead MoreA Study of Learning Strategies in L2 Acquisition1660 Words   |  7 PagesA Study of Learning Strategies in L2 Acquisition 〠Abstract】With the concept of autonomy being part of the mainstream of research and practice within the field of language education, the study of learning strategies in L2 acquisition has drawn much attention. This paper discusses the issues covering the fundamental aspect: identification and classification of learning strategy. The problems are reviewed concerning the definition and classification of learning strategies and then the paper tentativelyRead MoreForeign Language Classes Should be Required for Elementary Students1334 Words   |  6 Pagesshould start the second language learning in the school system. Some say that education system should wait until the students have reached high school and others say to start it young. Other school officials have said that they should require it in high school because they’ll remember the language better. Experts say that the education system needs to start it young while the child’s brain is like a sponge. T he answer to this question is to simply start the foreign language learning young during theirRead MoreInterpersonal Communication Skills And Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency1608 Words   |  7 PagesDescribe basic interpersonal communication skills and cognitive academic language proficiency from your own understanding (1’). †¢ Interpersonal communication skills, for me is the ability to speak to one another in a form that will allow us to exchange ideas, thoughts, information and emotions. If I had to explain this form of communication in one word I would say â€Å" Chat† this is because in a chat you are to swap and discuss a topic that is either important to you or the listener, or about somethingRead MoreForeign Language Importance932 Words   |  4 Pagesmillions of different languages used by people. A language is a form of communication for people and it’s the reason why our own selves are able to understand each other. However, it is also a barrier if we can’t speak the right language. That’s why I consider learning a second language is truly important. Learning a foreign language can become essential to people as it opens up a new world and offers benefits to those who are willing to learn a different language. My first language is Spanish, but onceRead MoreThe Second Language Acquisition Process Essay1382 Words   |  6 PagesSecond Language Acquisition Process This assignment demystifies the concept of second language acquisition and, correctly, identifies the steps or processes that entail second language acquisition. It goes further to identify the primary second language acquirement process and provides an overview of how this process interfaces with the language teaching and learning practices. It, also, synthesizes and gives a critical appraisal of the advantages and limitations of the relationship between theRead MoreBeing From A Country Where There Are Multiple Languages1324 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom a country where there are multiple languages I can learn, it makes it a fun way to witness people speaking in all these different languages but also stressful not to understand what they are saying. Languages are part of my everyday life. I read and write in three different languages, I speak three different languages and also listen to people talk in a lot of different languages. I experienced different languages, mostly in school. I believe language has an effect on everyone and when I hear

Foreign Powers During The Middle East - 1800 Words

The majority of Middle Eastern countries have suffered for decades under authoritarian regimes and have not succeeded at reforming their oppressive policies or at democratizing. There have been arguments made stating that it is nearly impossible for the Middle East to democratize and that as a region, democracy will not work. There was also another argument made stating that Islam does not allow for democracy to exist. Both these arguments ignore the history of the region, in which foreign powers have had a lot of influence, and have created the oppressive regimes that are present currently in the region. Foreign factors have played a great role in inhibiting any reforms from taking place in the region. Foreign powers entered the Middle East for its resources, took what they needed from the region then abandoned it. These countries were required to build and strengthen their economies suddenly after years of being controlled by foreign powers. The curse of oil in the Middle East has also played a role in inhibiting political and economic reforms from taking place. Oil rich countries have had significantly less political reforms over the past decades, as seen clearly in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, regional factors such as the Israeli occupation of Palestine, have also inhibited reform in that part of the region. Foreign and regional factors have inhibited political and economic reform in the Middle East, however, each country in the Middle East has had a different historyShow MoreRelatedThe Eisenhower Doctrine Of The Middle East1587 Words   |  7 Pages The Eisenhower Doctrine in the Middle East Mahmoud Mseddi History Society L2G1 Mediterranean School of Business November 29, 2015 â€Æ' The Eisenhower Doctrine in the Middle East Dwight David Ike Eisenhower was the 34th president of the United States of America and was in office from 1953 until 1961. 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Charles dickens hard times and Essay Example For Students

Charles dickens hard times and Essay Hard TimesEurope began the nineteenth century dominated by the romanticists. The realists changed the face of Europe once more by the middle of the nineteenth century. The importance of science and the industrialization of Europe characterized their movement. Where the romanticists believed in feelings, intuition, and imagination, the realists believed in a movement known as positivism, which applied the scientific method to the study of society. The authors of this period also changed their style of writing by dealing with cultural representation and life. They focused on the here and now, with everyday events, with his own environment and with the movements (political, social etc.) of his time. Charles Dickens was an author during this period and his novel Hard Times reflects a number of different themes. The novel focuses on educational and economic systems of Victorian England, the industrial revolution, which spawned how industrial relations were viewed during the 1850s, and utilitarianism. I have chosen the two major themes of industrial relations and educational system during this period. Although, you can not discuss labor relations without bringing focus upon the class society of Victorian England during this period. I will use the Norton Critical Edition of Hard Times, the Sources of the Western Tradition, and the Communist Manifesto to support my analytical interpretation of Charles Dickens Hard Times.During this period Dickens wrote for a weekly publication called Household Words, each issue dealt with a different social problem of the period. Hard Times began as a serialization in this weekly publication. In Hard Times Dickens writes about the horrors of the industrial revolution and was sparked by what he had seen first hand in Manchester, England fifteen years prior to writing Hard Times and the present goings on of a labor strike in Preston, England while he was conceiving the novel. The novel is almost biblical in nature as it has three books sowing, reaping and garnering. Book the First, Sowing, is the planting of the seeds. It provides a basis for the problems that will affect Stephen Blackpool, who is a factory worker in Coketown. Book the Second, Reaping, details the affect the industrial relations had on Stephen. The first to books describe the biblical passage, Whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reap(Galatians 6:7). Book the Third, Garnering, describes in a broad way the results of what industrialization did to Victorian England. The industrialization revolution brought many problems to Victorian England in the 1850s. Industrial towns such as Manchester and Preston sprung up in northern England. Prosperity came to those who owned the factories or mills, while despair came to the hands, the factory workers. Coketown is one such northern England town and Stephen Blackpool is a typical factory worker of the period in Charles Dickens novel Hard Times. The novel exemplifies the problems of an industrial town in 1850 England. Dickens describes Coketown A town of red brick, or brick that would have been red if the smoke and ashes had allowed it; but as it matters stood it was a town of unnatural red and black like the painted face of a savage. He explains the black smoke spewed continuously from the factory chimneys and that the river is polluted by an ill-smelling purplish dye. Josiah Bounderby owns the factory where Stephen Blackpool is employed.Stephen symbolizes the workers of this period, who put in long hours for little pay and lived under horrible conditions. Josiah on the other hand represents the greedy capitalist, who cares little for his workers. Hard Times illustrates the history of class struggles and is re-enforced by the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in The Communist Manifesto. The struggle between the bourgeoisie, the class of modern Capitalists, owners of the means of social production and the employers of wage-labour and the proletariat, the class of modern wage-labourers who, having no means of production of their own, are reduced to selling their labour-power to live. In Hard Times Josiah Bounderby and Stephen Blackpool are representative of the bourgeoisie and proletariat classes respectively. Dickens alludes that the government knows the capacity of work the machines can produce, So many hundred Hands in this Mill; so many hundred horse Steam Power. It is known, to the force of a single pound weight, what the engine will do. The workers are then paid by piece-work, where they are paid by the piece rather than earning a fixed hourly wage.Dickens was also interested in factory safety and the negligence of the factory and mine owners. In his original proofsheets of Hard Times there was a footnote bringing to the attention of the readers a gruesome report on accidents in factories, Ground in the Mill. Fall Of Man Essay . . . where I have never seen among pupils, whether boys or girls, anything but little parrots and small calculating machines. It seems even though Dickens is a realist he still believes children should be taught the arts. Hard Times opening scene is a classroom where the someone is speaking, Now, what I want is, Facts. Teach these boys and girls nothing but Facts. Facts alone are wanted in life. These opening lines are in direct contrast to what Dickens believes, but it was the established teachings during this period. Dickens brings out in Hard Times that the schoolmaster, Mr. MChoakumchild, along with another 140 schoolmasters had been taught everything there is to know. They all had the same principles, the same knowledge on all subjects, as if they were taught in a factory rather than a classroom. Dickens goes so far as to state that if Mr. MChoakumchild, had learnt a little less, how infinitely better he might have taught much more! Thomas Gradgrind, is the governor where Mr. MChoakumchild instructs, and he totally believes in the teaching of facts only. The teachings during this period were void poetry, fairy tales, or song. Simple extracts, relating to Natural History, Elementary Science, Religion, c. have taken the place of Dramatic Scenes, Sentimental Poetry, and Parliamentary Orations. Dickens in early satirical writings brings forth statistical research about the state of infant education among middle classes of London. It was found that in children only three miles from London ignorance prevailed. His writings showed that the children believed that Jack the Giant-killer, Jack and the Bean-stalk, Jack and Eleven Brothers, and Jack and Jill were real life people. The children in these areas aspired to grow up like them and slay giants or dragons and ride off with the princess. This was presented at a Conference of Statisticians where the members immediately called for storing the minds of children with nothing but facts and figures; which the process the President forcibly remarked, had made them (the section) the men they were. When Hard Times was first published the scholars of Victorian England did not believe that such an educational system existed in England. A review of the novel in the Westminster Review in 1854 states, that Mr. Dickens launches forth his protest, for we are not aware of such a system being in operation anywhere in England. They believed that there might have been too great a part of the studies dedicated to mythology, literature, and history. In almost every school in the kingdom passages of our finest poets are learned by heart; and Shakespeare and Walter Scott were among the Penates. It was their opinion that schools such as the one that Gradgrind governed were in the minority. Now in the opening lines of Hard Times, we find ourselves introduced to a set of hard uncouth personages, of whose existence as a class no one is aware, who are engaged in cutting and paring young souls after their own ugly pattern, and refusing them all other nourishment but facts and figures. It seems by the reviewers comments he was unaware of Dickens feelings towards the educational system of that period. He assumed by the title that Dickens, could be entrusted with this delicate task, and would give us a true idea of the relations of master and workman, both as they are and as they might be. Hard Times did not receive as much critical acclaim as Dickens other novels. This could be because it was written in serial form and a new chapter or episode had to be done weekly. It did however bring to the forefront the plight of the workers during the industrial revolution, of which many were aware, but it seems to have caught the intellects by surprise with his scourging account of the educational system during this period. It is a novel that gave credence to the workers problems and to what the adolescence of England was being taught.