Slip of the Tongue in Singing English Songs: a Psycholinguistic Analysis

Presentation Since error is the naturals condition that everybody find during his correspondence experience, individuals at last give numerous definition toward this marvel. In Cambridge Advaced Learner’s Dictionary mistake characterize as a condition when somebody says something that they didn't plan to state which is implies the error isn't purposeful and it can not speak to the genuine sentiments of an individual. Then again the contrary definition coming out from Sigmund Freud which is clarify error as an important and deciphered utterances.The expressions coming out as the portrayal of the controlled or quelled goal of the speaker. The two definitions have their own quality and endorsement however here, the worry of the exploration simply constrained on the explanation or components that cause error and the connection between musicality/music kind to human capacity in delivering words under psycholinguistics investigation point of view. One condition that everyone need to comprehend is the examination take an extraordinary condition. On the off chance that mistake as a rule occur in ordinary discussion for this situation oversight will saw in the sing activities.The explanation behind this condition is identified with the worry of the examination which will discover the connection between musicality/musik type to human capacity in delivering words. Thus, the specialist discover five distinct tunes in various class to be examined and in gathering information, observational strategy and recorcing procedure utilized while in breaking down the information analyst utilized articulatory personality technique and introducing the outcome utilizing casual and formal technique. Strategies The information taken from five english melodies which is sing by grown-up and the article that scientist need to discover is the mistakes by grown-up in singing those songs.In request to discover the object of the examination right off the bat the analyst need to discover t he tunes that included into the measures that clarified out of sight of the exploration. For this situation, the specialist need to make a poll to gather some data about the class and the well known vocalist and melodies that known by the member. At that point in the wake of gathering those data the scientist need to choose five melodies that included into the chategories by gathering the most comparable answer by the members. In the wake of gathering five melodies as the instruments of the bservation,the specialist need to record the tunes that is sing by the members thus, on the off chance that we relate it to Sudaryanto’s book (1988) the strategy utilized by scientist in gathering the information is perception and the method utilized is recording. By and by in devining the instruments of the information scientist need to utilize poll as the procedure. This exploration included into engaging subjective examination in light of the fact that the information were gathered as e xpressions that produce constantly vocalist (grown-up) and the portrayal of the examination is as words.Due to this examination intention are to discover the sorts and factors of oversight that cause mistake by grown-up as the subsequent artist while singing a tune along these lines, the reseacher will utilize elucidating research since it intended to acquired data concerning the momentum status of the marvel and coordinated toward determind the idea of the circumstance as it exists at the hour of the examination in the mark of subjective methode (Ary 1972:259) Differ from quantitative exploration, this examination will worry on the mind boggling and bigger concentration.The scientist of subjective examination need to give a significance for the wonder holisticaly and need to play arole in the entire procedure (Sudarwan, 2002). The examination it self will affirm the marvel with the point of view of the scientist along these lines, there ought to be a methode used to investigate the information taken. Of late numerous master use triangulation strategy to break down the information. This methode is an investigation aplication that utilized multimethodic for examine the comparable wonder, (Denzin,1989 in Sudarwan, 2002).According to Denzin and Kimchi there are five kinds of triangulation : hypothetical triangulation, triangulation information, metodological triangulation,investigator triangulation and triangulation examination (Sudarwan,2002:38). At that point this examination will concentrate just hypothetical triangulation which is implies that the scientist will consolidate some hypothesis from the various parts of etymology, for example, psycholinguistics, phonology, morphology and syntactic viewpoint to breaking down the data.After dissecting the information, specialist present the aftereffect of investigation by utilizing the casual and formal strategy. Casual strategy is a method of introducing the discoveries by utilizing a verbal explanation (regular la guage) while a conventional technique is a method of introducing the examination by utilizing signs and images (counterfeit language). Hypothesis In phonetics, language creation is the creation of communicated in or composed language. It portrays the entirety of the phases between an idea and making an interpretation of the idea into etymological structure. Levelt, 1989) As Fromkin and Ratner (1998) contended when we delivered an articulation there is a correspondence between our idea and wishes which pass on the message yet when the extra room of the mind is limited we may never create some of the infinete sentence. From those clarification we realize that we should develop sentences from littler parts or units before we can say them. The primary issues at that point worry on the procedures by which units come to be chosen and afterward joined in a specific request. (Gleason and Ratner 1998) The creation of communicated in language includes three significant degrees of processing.T he first is conceptualization. The speaker must choose the message to be passed on. It is likewise called the preverbal message or the message level of portrayal. This stage is regularly spoken to by an idea bubble. It implies that this level interfaces the expectation to talk and the ideas to be verbally communicated. (Levelt 1989) On the other hand, Jaeger (2005:8) proposed this phase which likewise incorporates general and explicit world information as well as the speakers’ information about the etymology down to business shows of their discourse community.Therefore speakers must assess what they called the â€Å"common ground†. The shared view between two individuals comprises of their common convictions, desires, and information. On the off chance that somebody catches a discussion between two companions, it tends to be extremely difficult to follow, in light of the fact that s/he has a need shared opinion. The subsequent level is definition. Levelt (1989) express ed that the speaker must change over their message into an etymological structure. The procedure of definition is the formation of the etymology type of the thought intended to be expressed.This process otherwise called the procedures of linguistic encoding, beginning from lexical part determination which is actuate the message and it incorporates semantic and syntactic properties. (Jaeger, 2005:8) Then, the latter is explanation/execution. The speaker need to make an arrangement of the engine developments to pass on the message. It additionally includes point by point phonetic and articulatory arranging (Levelt, 1989). Mistakes in Articulator Program According to Clark and Clark (1977), there are kinds of blunders happen with various diverse phonetics units.In a few cases, a solitary phoneme is added,deleted, or moved, yet at different occasions, it might be succession of phonemes, morphemic,affixes and root, entire words, or even expressions. As general principle, blunders will in general happen at just a single semantics level for every articulation. That is, the point at which an individual plainly says an inappropriate word, as in replacements, the syntactic structure of the sentence, prosodicstructure, and phonological structure stay flawless. As per Fromkin and Ratner (1998) such mistakes underway is called discourse blunder. It consistently happens in typical discussion. A discourse mistake is an example that varies from some standard pattern.Speech blunders are normal among youngsters who presently can't seem to refine their discourse, and can habitually proceed into adulthood. They now and again lead to humiliation and double-crossing the speaker's local or ethnic causes. Nonetheless, it is likewise normal for them to enter the mainstream society as a sort of semantic â€Å"flavoring†. There are nine kinds of discourse mistake: quiet stops, Filled delays, rehashes, bogus beginnings (unretraced), False beginnings (backtracked), Interjections, S tutters, Slips of the tongue. Later on this examination won't talk about the entirety of the sort of the discourse blunder yet simply center around oversight of the tongue.According to Fromkin (in Clark, 1977) errors have happened when the speaker’s expression contrasts here and there from the planned articulation. Jaeger (2005) characterized mistakes as one-time blunder in discourse creation arranging; that is the speakers means to articulates a specific word, expression, or sentence yet really busy arranging process the expressions came out of the mouth vary from the expected words which need to state. Freud contended that error is in which a misstep in discourse uncovers something of the idea of the speaker's oblivious or semi-cognizant desires.He recommends that when someone misspeak, it is a unintentional articulation of contemplations or sentiments. Freud would contend that oversights were never mishaps, that they generally uncovered some fundamental oblivious or curbed need to drive. In Freud’s mind, this verbal slip couldn't have been inadvertent or dependent on any clarification other than the essential state of concealment he had proposed. Besides, this concealment of goal or drive which they made in the foundation of all oversights could work at three distinctive levels.On one level, the concealment could be cognizant and purposeful on another concealment, it very well may be recognized a short time later by the individual who made the slips however was not planned in advance, and at the most profound level the individual completely denies the concealment. For Freudians, it truly doesn't make a difference what level the pe

The Green Mile :: essays research papers

The Green Mile was about a homicide of two young ladies. When the father is told by the mother that the 2 young ladies are absent, he gets an entire crowwd together to search for the young ladies. They discover the young ladies in the arms of an immense dark man (I needed to include the about the shade of his skin since this piece of the story takes place in the 30's and we as a whole expertise solid prejudice was in those days). We later find that the man's name us John Coffey. (Much the same as the drink yet not spelled the equivalent.) They bring John to prison and everybody is dazzled by how enormous he is. He has gigantic muscles and he towers over everone. The watchman in charge of the green mile goes into the cell that John Coffey is in what's more, expels the sleeves from John's hands. The gatekeeper sees that John is delicate and kind, and that he has something very exceptional. So for the primary couple days The gatekeeper watched John cautiously, he raised no ruckus and John was additionally calm. In the initial barely any weeks, they got another detainee, his name was Wild Bill.Wild Bill was in-certainty exceptionally wild, he even attempted to assault the watchmen while he was coming in. At long last we as a whole discover that Wild Bill executed (killed) the two young ladies that John Coffey had been indicted for executing. John nonetheless, despite everything was condemned to death. At 11:30 pm the following day John Coffey strolled down the green mile. John was set in the hot seat (ol' sparky) and they set the veil over his head John reprimanded the gatekeeper to take the veil since he feared the dim, and he didnt need to kick the bucket in obscurity. So the watchman took off the cover, at that point put the wet wipe on his head, they pulled the hood down and put that over top of the wet wipe. The gatekeeper shouted "Roll on 2" and they pulled the switch. John Coffey was dead. The gatekeepers were so pitiful they cried, some of them quit provided that that occurrence. They realized he was guiltless be that as it may, they couldent take care of business. I imagine that the books were pitiful, and very heart beating.

3 Best Hosted Shopping Carts You Should Check

3 Best Hosted Shopping Carts You Should Check Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!3 Best Hosted Shopping Carts You Should CheckUpdated On 08/06/2018Author : Jaydip ParikhTopic : eCommerceShort URL : http://hbb.me/2ozf1h7 CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogAfter reading Pradeep’s article about Open source Shopping Carts, I decided to write article on the same topic but with further helpful information.Most Open Source shopping cart suggested by Pradeep requires customization and need to be hosted on secure or reliable server. If you do not have technical expertise, you got to rely on technically proficient professionals, which I believe are pricey. Furthermore, Payment Gateway is an area of big concern when it comes to open source.  You have to hire experts who can install payment gateway for you.  Imagine your online store gets huge traffic, scaling/monitoring your hosting becomes another big issues. Above all, you got to buy expensive SSL certific ates to secure your online store so that your customer shops from your online store with confidence.Let me tell you, all of these comes at a cost and when you sum total the cost + the hassles that you have go through with open source, its much more than you can imagine. My take on this is Open source is definitely not a cup of tea for small businesses who often have little budget to start.The good news, now you can get all the sophistication of professional e-commerce minus the hassles of open source with a new bread of so called ‘Hosted shopping carts’. Imagine, starting an online store in literally few minutes! All you need is signup online, select pre-designed theme, and select the payment gateway for your choice. Yes, you heard that right. You can now start your e-commerce store in just few minutes without worrying about Hosting, Payment Gateway, Design or any other Technical Part. You just have to upload products, select some preferences and you are done. Boom, you are on y our way to start your business.The best part is it doesn’t cost hell lot of money like so called open source shopping cart.Here are few hand picked hosted shopping carts that I think worthy of trying.READ5 Simple Ways To Deal With Blogging Stress1. VolusionVolusion is a decade old company who provides online hosted shopping cart solution. Volusion was one of the few companies who introduced one page checkout feature which is now most essential feature of E-Commerce Industry. Vousion is feature rich shopping cart and great for feature buff users.   Getting around volusion can be tedious initially, but if you are a power internet user and know all the e-commerce jargon, you will have great time using Volusion.2. ShopifyShopify is one of the know name in hosted shopping cart stores.   Like others, shopify provide plenty of features like Customizable Design options, Admin to manage transactions and products. It also provides pre configure payment gateway like volusion. Shopify provide s free and paid themes to get started. If you want to use additional features of shopify, they have a marketplace of software that you can purchase by paying additional cost. Moreover, they charge upto 2% transaction above the standard monthly subscription fees.3. 39Shops39shops is a next generation hosted e-commerce platform, it comes with 256 big SSL secure one page checkout and well known for its clean and easy to use interface.  Like shopify, 39shops offer free designers themes to get started. Unlike Volusion it doesn’t charge for bandwidth or data transfer and it doesn’t even charge a percentage of sales like shopify. The best part is there is no charge to get started, it’s FREE! Search engine friendly clean URL, Unlimited CMS pages are other highlights of 39shops.Hosted e-commerce is a great way to start online store, with virtually no risk, you can test run your online business without having to worry about technical stuff involved in open source shopping cart.   Moreo ver, these ‘hosted shopping carts’ scales as your business grows. I firmly believe that gone are the days of open source shopping cart. The future of e-commerce is Hosted e-commerce software.

The Effects Of Parental Depression On Children - 1901 Words

Introduction According to the National Academy of Sciences, about 15 million children (one in five) in the United States live in households with parents who have major and/or severe forms of depression. Parental depression negatively affects a fathers’ and mothers’ caregiving, ability to physically support and nurture a child, and is associated with poor health and developmental outcomes for children of all ages, including prenatally. Depressed mothers are more likely than non-depressed mothers to have reduced parenting skills and to have undesirable relations with their children. Parents who are depressed are less likely to use age- appropriate practices (such as using car seats, high chairs, or covering electrical outlets) to prevent†¦show more content†¦Long-term, severe maternal depression has been found to have especially adverse consequences for child development and behavior across many spectrums. Five year old children whose mothers experienced frequent and severe d epression were more likely to have behavioral problems and lower language scores than those whose mothers had less chronic or impactful forms of depression. Among families receiving welfare or some form of governmental assistance, children of depressed mothers have lower average scores on math achievement tests than do other children. One study found that when mothers are successfully treated for depression, their children also are less likely to be diagnosed with or show symptoms of depression in the future. (England, 2009)The effects of maternal depression on a child’s future consequences may also be toned-down by higher levels of maternal sensitivity, suggesting that policies aimed at increasing parental compassion and sensitivity, in addition to those reducing parental depression, may be effective in improving child outcomes. Another factor moderating the negative implications of maternal depression on child behavior may be enrollment in proper child care. It was also found that as little as a half-day per week in standard child care at age two buffered the effects of recurrent maternal depression on children’s behavior problems by the time they were ready for elementary school.(England, 2009)

Why Are Learning A Second Language - 945 Words

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Since behavioral perspective deals with learning in terms of imitation, reinforcements, and forming habits to learn different languages, they focused mainly on mimicry and memorization. When learning students will memorize sentences and different responses by heart. When learning in this fashion of imitation, it is sometimes difficult for learners to create a sentence out of the blue when talking informally to peers because just having memorized sentences is not enough to carry a conversation. Behaviorist also believed in reinforcements when teaching a new concept or behavior. 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Foreign Powers During The Middle East - 1800 Words

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Charles dickens hard times and Essay Example For Students

Charles dickens hard times and Essay Hard TimesEurope began the nineteenth century dominated by the romanticists. The realists changed the face of Europe once more by the middle of the nineteenth century. The importance of science and the industrialization of Europe characterized their movement. Where the romanticists believed in feelings, intuition, and imagination, the realists believed in a movement known as positivism, which applied the scientific method to the study of society. The authors of this period also changed their style of writing by dealing with cultural representation and life. They focused on the here and now, with everyday events, with his own environment and with the movements (political, social etc.) of his time. Charles Dickens was an author during this period and his novel Hard Times reflects a number of different themes. The novel focuses on educational and economic systems of Victorian England, the industrial revolution, which spawned how industrial relations were viewed during the 1850s, and utilitarianism. I have chosen the two major themes of industrial relations and educational system during this period. Although, you can not discuss labor relations without bringing focus upon the class society of Victorian England during this period. I will use the Norton Critical Edition of Hard Times, the Sources of the Western Tradition, and the Communist Manifesto to support my analytical interpretation of Charles Dickens Hard Times.During this period Dickens wrote for a weekly publication called Household Words, each issue dealt with a different social problem of the period. Hard Times began as a serialization in this weekly publication. In Hard Times Dickens writes about the horrors of the industrial revolution and was sparked by what he had seen first hand in Manchester, England fifteen years prior to writing Hard Times and the present goings on of a labor strike in Preston, England while he was conceiving the novel. The novel is almost biblical in nature as it has three books sowing, reaping and garnering. Book the First, Sowing, is the planting of the seeds. It provides a basis for the problems that will affect Stephen Blackpool, who is a factory worker in Coketown. Book the Second, Reaping, details the affect the industrial relations had on Stephen. The first to books describe the biblical passage, Whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reap(Galatians 6:7). Book the Third, Garnering, describes in a broad way the results of what industrialization did to Victorian England. The industrialization revolution brought many problems to Victorian England in the 1850s. Industrial towns such as Manchester and Preston sprung up in northern England. Prosperity came to those who owned the factories or mills, while despair came to the hands, the factory workers. Coketown is one such northern England town and Stephen Blackpool is a typical factory worker of the period in Charles Dickens novel Hard Times. The novel exemplifies the problems of an industrial town in 1850 England. Dickens describes Coketown A town of red brick, or brick that would have been red if the smoke and ashes had allowed it; but as it matters stood it was a town of unnatural red and black like the painted face of a savage. He explains the black smoke spewed continuously from the factory chimneys and that the river is polluted by an ill-smelling purplish dye. Josiah Bounderby owns the factory where Stephen Blackpool is employed.Stephen symbolizes the workers of this period, who put in long hours for little pay and lived under horrible conditions. Josiah on the other hand represents the greedy capitalist, who cares little for his workers. Hard Times illustrates the history of class struggles and is re-enforced by the writings of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in The Communist Manifesto. The struggle between the bourgeoisie, the class of modern Capitalists, owners of the means of social production and the employers of wage-labour and the proletariat, the class of modern wage-labourers who, having no means of production of their own, are reduced to selling their labour-power to live. In Hard Times Josiah Bounderby and Stephen Blackpool are representative of the bourgeoisie and proletariat classes respectively. Dickens alludes that the government knows the capacity of work the machines can produce, So many hundred Hands in this Mill; so many hundred horse Steam Power. It is known, to the force of a single pound weight, what the engine will do. The workers are then paid by piece-work, where they are paid by the piece rather than earning a fixed hourly wage.Dickens was also interested in factory safety and the negligence of the factory and mine owners. In his original proofsheets of Hard Times there was a footnote bringing to the attention of the readers a gruesome report on accidents in factories, Ground in the Mill. Fall Of Man Essay . . . where I have never seen among pupils, whether boys or girls, anything but little parrots and small calculating machines. It seems even though Dickens is a realist he still believes children should be taught the arts. Hard Times opening scene is a classroom where the someone is speaking, Now, what I want is, Facts. Teach these boys and girls nothing but Facts. Facts alone are wanted in life. These opening lines are in direct contrast to what Dickens believes, but it was the established teachings during this period. Dickens brings out in Hard Times that the schoolmaster, Mr. MChoakumchild, along with another 140 schoolmasters had been taught everything there is to know. They all had the same principles, the same knowledge on all subjects, as if they were taught in a factory rather than a classroom. Dickens goes so far as to state that if Mr. MChoakumchild, had learnt a little less, how infinitely better he might have taught much more! Thomas Gradgrind, is the governor where Mr. MChoakumchild instructs, and he totally believes in the teaching of facts only. The teachings during this period were void poetry, fairy tales, or song. Simple extracts, relating to Natural History, Elementary Science, Religion, c. have taken the place of Dramatic Scenes, Sentimental Poetry, and Parliamentary Orations. Dickens in early satirical writings brings forth statistical research about the state of infant education among middle classes of London. It was found that in children only three miles from London ignorance prevailed. His writings showed that the children believed that Jack the Giant-killer, Jack and the Bean-stalk, Jack and Eleven Brothers, and Jack and Jill were real life people. The children in these areas aspired to grow up like them and slay giants or dragons and ride off with the princess. This was presented at a Conference of Statisticians where the members immediately called for storing the minds of children with nothing but facts and figures; which the process the President forcibly remarked, had made them (the section) the men they were. When Hard Times was first published the scholars of Victorian England did not believe that such an educational system existed in England. A review of the novel in the Westminster Review in 1854 states, that Mr. Dickens launches forth his protest, for we are not aware of such a system being in operation anywhere in England. They believed that there might have been too great a part of the studies dedicated to mythology, literature, and history. In almost every school in the kingdom passages of our finest poets are learned by heart; and Shakespeare and Walter Scott were among the Penates. It was their opinion that schools such as the one that Gradgrind governed were in the minority. Now in the opening lines of Hard Times, we find ourselves introduced to a set of hard uncouth personages, of whose existence as a class no one is aware, who are engaged in cutting and paring young souls after their own ugly pattern, and refusing them all other nourishment but facts and figures. It seems by the reviewers comments he was unaware of Dickens feelings towards the educational system of that period. He assumed by the title that Dickens, could be entrusted with this delicate task, and would give us a true idea of the relations of master and workman, both as they are and as they might be. Hard Times did not receive as much critical acclaim as Dickens other novels. This could be because it was written in serial form and a new chapter or episode had to be done weekly. It did however bring to the forefront the plight of the workers during the industrial revolution, of which many were aware, but it seems to have caught the intellects by surprise with his scourging account of the educational system during this period. It is a novel that gave credence to the workers problems and to what the adolescence of England was being taught.

Australian Tax System

Australian Tax System Executive Summary Cigarettes fall among commodities that are classified under the Australian tax system as luxuries. As such, they are charged a levy known as GST (Goods and Services Tax) which normally stands at 10% of the value of the commodity so charged and a further excise tax[1].Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Australian Tax System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The GST system provides a lot of revenue for the Australian government due to the fact that most of the goods normally consumed in the due course of everyday life have to be charged GST. However, the government has zero-rated basic necessities such as food items, education, childcare and health care. It is notable that not all food items are GST-free and for one to know what is taxable and what is not, he or she must consult a list of products produced by the Australian Tax Office (ATO) that details the classification of goods for tax purposes. Appa rently, only registered businesses get a tax credit for GST and consumers are not entitled to a refund. For non-residents (international persons) they are eligible for a GST refund when they purchase goods in Australia exceeding the value of $300 dollars payable prior to departure and on presentation of current passport and airline tickets. Background The GST is a form of sales tax that is levied on transactions involving goods and services in Australia. It is a value added tax (VAT) and not a general sales tax in the sense that all parties in the supply chain get a refund except the end user who is usually the consumer. Interestingly, the GST was only introduced in Australia on July 1st 2000 during the premiership of John Howard. It replaced the cumbersome sales tax system that levied a ‘wholesale tax’ on a whole horde of goods which would also be taxed under state and territorial governments. The tax therefore brought some form of uniformity across the Australian tax system[2]. Initially, there had been much opposition to the introduction of the GST. The idea for a consumption tax that could be levied across the board was first proposed in 1985 by federal treasurer Paul Keating. However, the proposal was dropped after businesses, welfare groups and the ACTU opposed it due to its association with fringe benefits and capital gains taxes.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nevertheless, the idea resurfaced in 1991 when the then opposition party Liberal-National Coalition (LNC) used it as a campaign item. The public’s distrust of the proposed GST eventually led to the re-election of Keating as Prime Minister and the surprise loss of what had been termed as the ‘unloseable election’ by the opposition in 1993. In 1996, John Howard led the LNC to a major victory in the elections after making a pledge to ‘neverà ¢â‚¬â„¢ introduce the GST. However, in 1998, he backtracked on the promise and instead proposed that the GST be introduced to replace the wholesale sales tax system. In the elections that year, the LNC lost to Labour by a narrow 4.61 % but won the majority of seats in the lower house. Howard felt that the win indicated that the public was now comfortable with the GST and thus he turned to the minority parties such as the Democrats to whip up support for its introduction since Labour could not accept the GST and the party lacked a senate majority[3]. The proposal for the introduction of the GST was marketed along with the promise that all revenues raised through the GST would eventually be distributed across Australian states and territories. Additionally, there was the promise that state and territorial taxes levied on consumption would be removed gradually and replaced with GST through the Commonwealth Grants Commission. However, the Democrats were opposed to the package unless it included exemptions on food, offshore tourism packages and books. After much back and forth, a deal was struck with the Democrats which saw the introduction of these exemptions which included; 8% refund on textbooks for school use, purchases of library books, greater powers extended to the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) and increased welfare payouts. The agreement between the parties led to the passage of the legislation dubbed A New Tax System (Goods and Services Tax) Act 1999 on June 28th 1999. The Act was assented to on July 8th 1999 and it acquired full operation on July 1st 2000.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Australian Tax System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More List of Objectives This research paper shall look into the following; Does the GST system provide exemptions for international persons (non-residents)? What is the impact of double taxation agreements on the GST application? Do international persons qualify for tax refunds for cigarette purchases? Research methodology This research paper mostly relies on secondary data for information. Much of the information used here was acquired from publications by the Australian Tax Office (ATO), tax specialists and other experts on matters concerning the Australian tax system. Most of the material is in the form of online journal articles, publications, magazines, newspapers and tax seminar speeches. Results/Findings As earlier stated, the subject of international persons being susceptible to the GST was an issue of consideration in the passing of the A New Tax System (Goods and Services Tax) Act of 1999. Prior to the introduction of the GST, international persons, who for the purposes of this research refer to non-residents of Australia living temporarily in Australia, were allowed to purchased goods from ‘duty free’ shops as long as they had a current passport and showed evidence that they intended to leave soonest i.e. by presenting airline tickets. The system allowed such purchase on the premise that such goods would be sealed until the person had passed the customs area. With the introduction of the GST, much seems to have changed when it comes to the handling of international persons. Since tourism is a major foreign exchange earner, the tax regime has had to be lax on the taxation of international persons especially on consumables. Unlike in the previous sales tax system, the GST system allows the tourist or international person to purchase goods â€Å"GST free† a month before departure. The exemption from GST is allowed where the purchase made is for goods worth more than $300 Australian dollars and that the goods have to be carried as hand luggage and presented when making the refund claim at a Tourist Refund Scheme (TRS) counter during the departure. However, the construction of what makes up an international person for taxation persons is difficult. The GST sy stem has often been criticized for being unclear and difficult to understand[4].Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In most cases, the term non-resident is preferred as defined for income tax purposes. Where the international person in question comes into the country through any other visa except a travel visa, he or she is treated as a resident when it comes to taxation save for a few modifications. This would mean that GST would be levied on the person as long as he or she is keen to stay in Australia for more than six months. Even where the person intends to leave sooner, the only GST extension available is for one month and it only applies for hand luggage goods worth over $300 dollars[5]. Additionally, double tax agreements entered into between Australia and other countries seem to be only focused on income tax and customs duty. The implication is that international persons should pay for goods consumed in Australia irrespective of their citizenship or duration of stay. Consequently, most international persons do not receive a tax refund for purchase of goods levied GST. Ideally, the purpose of taxation is to collect revenue for offering services to Australians. Since international persons would most likely not benefit from these services due to their short stay, it is reasonable that they receive a tax refund for goods purchased that have been charged GST. Cigarettes fall within the bracket of goods that have to be charged GST. In addition, they are also charged a further excise tax. This would mean that international persons who purchase cigarettes from â€Å"non duty-free† shops have paid GST. Since it is not logical that they would purchase cigarettes worth $300 dollars or even expect that they would produce evidence of cigarettes smoked, it is apparent that international persons do not receive any tax return for cigarettes purchased. In addition, cigarettes are not a necessity and they have harmful effects on the environment and so it’s my opinion that the government should not make tax refunds for cigarettes purchased by international persons. Concl usion It is quite apparent that international persons enjoy certain tax benefits in the name of tourism. However, where they get into the country through any other visa other than a travel visa, the taxation system treats them the same way as ordinary residents save for a few modifications. While it would be prudent to extend some of these favours to these persons for tourism purposes, there are no benefits that will accrue to the country when cigarettes are allowed to be GST-free to non-citizens. Additionally, there are no tax exemptions available for goods that are charged excise tax. Bibliography Australian Tax History. Australian Tax Office. Last modified 3 August, 2009. ato.gov.au/corporate/content.asp?doc=/content/tax_history.htm Gittins, Ross. A light on the hill for our future tax reformers. The Age. Last modified 15 June, 2009. http://business.theage.com.au/business/a-light-on-the-hill-for-our-future-tax-reformers-20090614-c7dt.html Goods and Services Tax (GST) 7.1.4 Risk s. Queensland University of Technology. James, S., Murphy, K. Reinhart, M. â€Å"Taxpayers beliefs and views: Two new surveys.† Australian Tax Forum 20(2) 2005: 157-188. Labor says GST has king hit economy. ABC 7.30 Report. Last modified 20 May, 2006. abc.net.au/7.30/stories/s256437.htm Footnotes â€Å"Australian Tax History, Australian Tax Office, Last modified 3 August, 2009, ato.gov.au/corporate/content.asp?doc=/content/tax_history.htm. Ross Gittins, A light on the hill for our future tax reformers, The Age, Last modified 15 June, 2009, http://business.theage.com.au/business/a-light-on-the-hill-for-our-future-tax-reformers-20090614-c7dt.html. â€Å"Labor says GST has king hit economy, ABC 7.30 Report, Last modified 20 May, 2006, abc.net.au/7.30/stories/s256437.htm. â€Å"Goods and Services Tax (GST) 7.1.4 Risks, Queensland University of Technology James, S., Murphy, K. Reinhart, M, â€Å"Taxpayers beliefs and views: Two new surveys†, Australian Tax Forum 20( 2) 2005: 157-188.

History of the Old South essays

History of the Old South essays The area of the nation now referred to as the Old South had several distinguishing features which separated it from the rest of America. These distinctions were present from the earliest points of its history, because the colonies that were to be the foundation for the South were founded not for religious reasons like their northern cousins. They were founded, rather, to further the economic interests of their supporters. The true distinctive nature of the South begins, however, in the year 1787. This is the year the American Constitution was drafted with a number of clauses which were carefully worded due to a number of compromises between northern and southern representatives. Although the distinctive nature of the South was cemented when it collectively bargained to make sure slavery remained protected in the Constitution, the cohesiveness was not cemented until the invention of Eli Whitneys cotton gin and the rise of King Cotton. It was at this point that the South became al most solely focused on the raising of cotton as its cash crop, this is also the point where it was clear that the plantation system was so firmly ingrained into Southern economics that any threat to slavery would have to be addressed with the power of all slave holding states. Prior to the American Revolution, the southern colonies functioned in a different manner than those in the north, but not in a manner which was significant enough for anyone to consider the various British colonies in North America as two separate regions At this time all the colonies were under British rule and any Northerners seeking to end slavery had no real voice in British politics and Southerners never had to worry about the issue as long as their plantations continued to produce valuable crops for the British merchants. This all changed after the war; because of differences in the two regions regarding slavery, each of them began to form groups which sought certain c...

Approach to Care Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Approach to Care - Assignment Example However, with several studies of the disease underway, a number of methods to lessen the psychological and physical effects are available. This paper is a critical approach to breast cancer diagnosis and staging, complications, side effects of treatment and the methods to address the after treatment effects. Breast cancer is a disease that attacks the mammary glands and is common in women with a few cases in men. It is at times found after the appearance of symptoms, but on other instances early breast cancer does not show any of the symptoms (Tests & cancer, 2014). Therefore, there is need for time to time screening tests to ascertain if there is infection. The diagnostic test is carried out to establish the type of breast cancer the client suffers from before different therapies are initiated. For instance, if the patient’s cancer is positive oestrogen receptor, an endocrine therapy is adopted whereas if she has a positive HER2, a trastuzumab approach is warranted. The difference between the two is that, HER2 implies that the cancer cells have a protein facilitating their growth whereas the positive receptor oestrogen (ER-positive) breast cancer means that the cancer growth is facilitated by estrogen hormone (Nice.org.uk, 2014). In the diagnosis process, the doctor may ask the patient questions about symptoms, any other illness, and the duration of pains. The doctor will then carefully examine the breast for any lumps, the texture, and extent in comparison to the skin and may be chest muscles. In addition, any changes in breast nipples ought examination as well as the lymph nodes within the armpit and the collarbones. Such examination is necessary because the presence of firm and enlarged lymph nodes may point to a multiply of breast cancer. If the physical examination results suggest breast cancer presence, the doctor

International Business Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Business Environment - Essay Example However, it is reported that there have been shallow analyses of the causes of failure in merger and the measures of success are often weak (Epstein, 2005). With this information, there must be substantial reasons to be used in order for merger to be justified as a failure and the right manner to be considered in its evaluation. This means that the determination of successful or failure merger considers the right evaluation and reasons in order to determine reliability of information involved in the issue. Evaluating the success or failure of mergers is not an easy task. For instance, the newly merged companies might be well good to look from the outside but in reality there is more to it when it comes to knowing the real event happening inside. It might be very important to find out if the newly merged employees from Africa and China have been doing just fine together or the other way around. They may look like enjoying their work but it is important to finally know what is inside o f them. This is a very complex scenario and this requires a highly skilled in-charge who will consider all aspects in an organization where there is diversity of people who will be working for the good of the entire operation. This is a great concern in this paper and the proponent wants to give more emphasis on the importance of understanding man power involved because this stands as the company’s ultimate force for the implementation of its corporate agenda. The proponent believes that people are the ultimate ways in which an organization may either prosper or fail. It is in line with this that the entire idea is placed on a proposed merger between a Chinese company and an African company. The proponent is appointed to lead a team consisting of managers from both countries to examine any cultural problems linked to the proposed merger. Thus, the proponent solves this concern by applying the work of Hofstede and Trompenaars in order to evaluate how close would the cultural f it be; and how might find a way to improve cultural understanding between the two groups of managers. However, prior to this, the proponent discusses about some important issues about mergers and the corporate culture in Africa and China. Why Mergers Fail? There is a common assumption that mergers are for the purpose of cutting costs, creating revenues or ensuring growth opportunities. However, one of the concrete reasons why mergers fail is due to issue of control and ownership. It is not easy to carry an organization which is a product of integration between two or more companies because there will be a new level of control and ownership involved. In this case, there are different considerations involved particularly on emphasizing who is the one in-charge or owns the newly integrated companies. In short, there is a significant issue on who will be the one to control the merger. Mergers are not just implemented without a great or significant reason. Two companies need some integra tion due to the fact that it may result to creating more values than staying apart from each other otherwise. Such of this reason can be manifested by understanding different sensible motives for mergers. The first motive is to ensure more strength and knowledge in a specific industry by having horizontal mergers. Most of this type happens between banks or companies at the same business line. The second motive is about

History of the concept of creativity

History of the concept of creativity History of the concept of creativity In spite of its current popularity, the concept of creativity, i.e. its name, is a recent notion that, nevertheless, went through a number of development stages and metamorphoses caused by the changes in the way the concept of creativity was perceived by societies at various stages of development. The process is not finished yet. Sometime in the future the general concept of creativity will hopefully be converted into a specialized concept, i. e. its regularities will be enumerated while its particularities linking it currently to a culture or a subculture will be eliminated. In the following text, the evolution of the concept of creativity throughout history is reviewed briefly, with the focus on important milestones and personalities. The milestones are arranged in a temporal sequence, whereas outstanding personalities are quoted where necessary, rather than presented in a strict temporal sequence. It is intuitively easy to accept the thesis that creative acts have been around as long as the homo sapiens, the humanoids and, indeed, living organisms. The concept of creativity appeared much later, and came forth very gradually. On the long way to establishing it, many intermediate new terms were generated, some of which have been used for centuries, in exceptional cases until our time. They help us understand more easily what creativity is and how it interacts with other operations in the intellectual sphere. Theoretical views of creativity follow the development of human culture and thought. Therefore, the concept of creativity is a component of the history of the human thought to the same extent as any other intellectual manifestation (Briffault, 1928). Much of the historical developments as accounted for in the following review are based on Tatarkiewiczs book (1980), Dictionnaire philosophique, and the following references: Verma (1969), Lindberg (1976), Abdus Salam (1984), Agar (2001), Ahmad (2002), Steffens (2006), Covington (2007), Roshdi (2007), and Medieval Classic civilization; An Encyclopaedia. Prehistoric times Remarkable and very advanced objects testifying to human creative genius are known from the art history. They originate from many parts of the world and from many different cultures and epochs. Perhaps the foremost examples of the earliest manifestations of creativity are various objects produced by the Australian Aborigines. The Aborigines are presumed to have moved to Australia from India some 50 000 years ago. Their most puzzling creative product is the boomerang for them hunting tool, for us an enigmatic object of scientific studies. Other important manifestation of human creative act and thought originates from Egypt and Mexico. These countries distinguish themselves not only by very advanced ability to produce objects, but also by the scientific (most often astronomic) knowledge embedded in these products. The pyramids of Egypt and those of Mexico, Guatemala, or Belize, the Mayan calendar, and the way of using mathematics in Egypt and in Mexico, are absolutely amazing even today. The Mayan astronomers had developed a spatial geometry parting from astronomy. The mathematics they used is still more accurate than the computational algorithms that make the flow of data in modern information networks possible (Ferrera-Balanquet, 2009). Another cultural area of great importance extends in Asia, particularly in the area comprising the present day Iraq, Iran, India, Sri Lanka and Cambodia. Buildings, materials and various concepts of physics embedded in the buildings testify to the high level of knowledge these peoples possessed thousands of years ago. In China and Japan, too, creativity enhanced knowledge in a manner that after thousands of years is still admired. India stands, as usual, apart in that it knew creativity as â€Å"insight† since times immemorial. For instance, in the extinct Pali language the word vipassanÄ  consists of the Sanskrit prefix â€Å"vi-â€Å" and the verbal root à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡paņº. It is often translated as †insight† or â€Å"clear-seeing,† One should not be misled by the â€Å"in-â€Å" prefix in â€Å"insight†.. â€Å"Vi† in ancient Aryan languages is equivalent to the Latin â€Å"dis-†. It is reasonable to conclude that in the word vipassanÄ  the prefix â€Å"vi-† generates the meaning â€Å"to see apart†, or discern. Alternatively, the â€Å"vi† can function as an intensifier. In that case vipassanÄ  may mean â€Å"seeing deeply†. A pali synonym for â€Å"VipassanÄ Ã¢â‚¬  is paccakkha, menaing â€Å"before the eyes,† which refers to direct experiential perception. Thus, the type of seeing denoted by â€Å"vipassanÄ Ã¢â‚¬  is that of direct perception and experience, as opposed to knowledge derived from reasoning or argument. It has also been adopted as the name of a kind of Buddhist meditation. Ancient Greece The people of Ancient Greece had no terms corresponding to â€Å"creativity† or â€Å"creator†. Yet, the poet was considered to be one who creates. Whatever was â€Å"creative† in the present sense of the word, was called art. The concept of art (in Greek  Ã…  Ã‚ Ã‹Å" Ã‚ Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °, from which technique and technology evolved), implied subjection to rules. Poetry (from  Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ´Ã‚ Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ´Ã‚ Ã†â€™Ã…  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¼ to make) was an exception, although it was limited only to  Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™Ã…  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ´Ã‚ Ã‹â€  (poetry) and to the  Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °Ã‚ Ã…  Ã‚ Ã… ¡Ã‚ Ã‹â€  (poet, or maker) who made it, rather than to art in general. The reason was that art was considered an imitation of what already exists, â€Å"the making of things, according to rules†, hence subjection to laws and rules. In painting, music, or literature, there was no freedom. They were governed by what was known as ÃŽÂ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ (the laws). This conservative attitude and need for subjection prevailed in the works of Plato who claimed, mainly in Timaeus, Dialogue of Ion, and in The Republic, that a good work is contingent on observing an eternal model as suggested by Nature, and never deviate from that model. The eternal models were within reach, in the surrounding world, of which artists were the imitators. They thus had to abide by certain rules. In the visual arts, freedom was curtailed by the proportions that Polyclitus had established for the human frame. He called them â€Å"the canon† (meaning, measure). Likewise, in music, no freedom was necessary because melodies for ceremonies and entertainme nt were known. They were prescribed as nomoi. Making of things according to rules, or à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·, was not considered to contain any creativity at all. In fact, if they had contained creativity, the state of affairs would be considered bad by the Greek standards of that time: Something similar to the negative perception of creative accounting nowadays [Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 244]. Man ought to discover the laws of Nature and abide by them. Seeking freedom of action unnecessarily distracts him from seeking the optimum way. In Ancient Greece the artist was not an inventor, he was a discoverer [Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 245]. It means that he had to study the laws of Nature, discover and see how related entities interact, and use them as a model. This world-view had its own justification. Nature is both perfect and subject to laws. The artists ambition must be to discover these laws and submit to them, rather than seek the distracting freedom from these laws, a freedom that would deflect him from attaining the optimal state. Poetry stood outside these limitations. The poet invented a whole new world and gave it life. The poet differed from the artist, the imitator, in that laws did not bind him. In spite of the absence of the term for creativity, creation, or the creator, the poet, and only the poet, was understood to be a creator.According to the Greek view, the poet was an inventor, i. e. he put together unrelated entities and let them interact in an arbitrary manner. This is what made poetry the only exception from the rules applying to art. In terms of truthfulness of this world-view, Aristotle, who established the term truth, was not sure whether poetry required adherence to truth, i. e. whether it imitated Nature. He thought that poetry was in the realm that was neither true nor false [Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 245-6]. The concepts of imagination and inspiration, too, were restricted to poetry only. Poets were seen differently and they saw things differently. But not everybody was reconciled with this restriction. An example can be found in the Odyssey, where a question is posed why the singer should be forbidden to entertain his listeners with singing as he himself will. Yet, even in this rigid environment of dogmas, some progress took place. Thus, in the 3rd century, Porphyry of Tyros graphically visualized the concept categories of Aristotle. In the 4thcentury of the Christian era, Pappus of Alexandria searched for a science of invention. He named his techniques â€Å"heuristics†. Antique Rome The Roman civilization developed from the Greek civilization. It was younger, thus more progressive and more exploratory than was the civilization of Greece. Therefore, things were seen in a different light in Rome, and the Greek concepts were viewed as partially outdated. To begin with, the vocabulary was enriched with new concepts, which shook up the foundations of the Greek thought. This effort happened to follow two counter-directions. on the one hand, Cicero wrote that art embraces those things â€Å"which are known† (â€Å"quae sciuntur†) [Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 245]. Horace, on the other hand, elevated painters to the level of poets in giving them the privilege of daring whatever they pleased (â€Å"quod libet audendi†), instead of following the â€Å"eternal model†. Moreover, in the declining period of antiquity, Lucius Flavius Philostratus discovered a similarity between poetry and art, and found that art and poetry have imagination in common. Cal listratos expanded these ideas by stating that as much as the art of the poets and writers of prosaic literature is inspired, so are the hands of sculptors. They, too, are gifted with the blessing of divine inspiration. The novelty of these postulates follows from the fact that Greeks had applied the concepts of imagination and inspiration to poetry only, but not to the visual arts. The Greek language had no word for creating, whereas Latin had. Creare and facere were two Latin words corresponding to the Greek à Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Yet, initially the two Latin terms had almost the same meaning (Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 246), and were thus interchangeable. Christianity Under medieval Christianity, the Latin â€Å"creatio† came to designate Gods act of â€Å"creatio ex nihilo† (i.e. creation from nothing). â€Å"Creatio† thus no longer could apply to human activities. Its meaning differed from the meaning of â€Å"facere† (to make). Applied to human activities, facere was the only word to be used. Cassiodorus, the important statesman and writer of the 6th century, explained that things made and created differ, because we can make but cannot create. His important works on this topic, written after his retirement, include De anima (published 540), Institutiones Divinarum et Saecularium Litterarum (published probably 543-555), and De Artibus ac Disciplinis Liberalium Litterarum [Tatarkiewicz 1980, p. 247]. This more or less â€Å"secular† interpretation of creativity collided with the archaic views of some Christian writers. To begin with, they believed that art did not belong to the realm of creativity. In this respect they had the same belief as the Greeks. Medieval Christian writers granted no exception to poetry. They claimed that poetry had to follow its rules. Therefore it was an art, i. e. a craft rather than a creative activity. The dominant figure among these writers was St. Augustine, a personality whose works are of interest even today. He is claimed to have used the word imagination as a precursor to creativity. Imagination, according to St. Augustine comprised disposition, multiplication, reduction, extension, ordering, any kind of re-composition of images, etc. (Rodari, 1983). These very same components of â€Å"imagination† are used even today [Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 247]. Further changes were recorded in the Middle Ages: poetrys exceptional status was gradually revoked, because poetry had its rules. It was thus regarded as an art, i. e. a craft, rather than creativity. The new, religious interpretation of the expression notwithstanding, the opinion that art is not related to creativity persisted. The works of two influential early Christian writers, Pseudo-Dionysius and St. Augustine, prove it. The same can be said the works of Hraban the Moor and Robert Grosseteste, in the 13th century. Renaissance There are two periods in European history, called the Renaissance. The first one is the 12th century Renaissance. It was a period of many innovative and creative cahnges during the High Middle Ages, such as social, political and economic transformations. Parallel developments in philosophy and science resulted in an intellectual revitalization of Europe. The second renaissance is the Italian Renaissance in the 15th century. Some historians claim that the changes having taken place in the Middle Ages paved the way to the Italian Renaissance, as well as to the scientific developments of the 17th century. The French historian Jacques le Goff, an agnostic, argues that the Middle Ages formed an entirely new civilization, distinct from both the Greco-Roman antiquity, and from the modern world. The medieval achievements of the human mind and the human hands can only be related briefly. The First Rrenaissance . The most creative political acts of the 12th century were the founding of the Hansa in Northern Europe (along the southern shore of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea, with a few excursions deeper into Central Europe), the Crusades, the rise of towns, and the rise of the early bureaucratic states. In the cultural sphere the vernaculars began to replace Latin increasingly, higher education became more prominent, with universities sprouting all around the European continent between the Atlantic and the Theisse river, the Romanesque art was gradually replaced by the Gothic art, the liturgical drama, and a European system of law was established. These changes are true milestones. In the arts, more emphasis was put on architecture and sculpture, while in parallel there was a revival of interest in Latin poetry and Latin classics. An outer expansion began in the late 13th century, when the Venetian explorer Marco Polo set out to follow the Silk Road to China. His doc umentary Il Milone made Europeans more aware of the Far East, which inspired many missionaries (Giovanni da Pian del Carpini, Giovanni de Marignolli, Giovanni di Monte Corvino, and others) to go east and spread Christianity. The greatest leaps of human knowledge were, however, recorded in science and technology. Since Ibn al-Haytham (also known as Alhazen, 965-1039) laid down the foundations of the scientific method, the emphasis was put on seeking truth. Science thus became a formal discipline, different from philosophy. In early Middle Ages, the Byzantine Empire, the most advanced culture of antiquity, suffered losses and a decline in its scientific capacity. Likewise, Western Europe, after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, suffered a catastrophic loss of knowledge. This was partially offset by the efforts of Church scholars, like Aquinas and Buridan, who preserved elements of scientific inquiry. In that manner, by translating and imitating the works of Islamic scholars Europe could begin catching up with the scientific discoveries of the Islamic world, the Mediterranean basin, India, and China. The most important steps to Europes scientific recovery at that time comprise the following events: Development of the scientific method (Alhazen, Biruni, Bacon, and Grosseteste); Arithmetic and Algebra (Al-Khwarizmi); Differential calculus (Bhaskara); Mechanics (Avicenna, with a later contribution by Ibn Bajjah, also known as Avempace, Buridan, Galileo, Descartes and Newton); Optics(Aristotle, Plato, Galen, Euclid, Hero of Alexandria, Ptolemaeus. In the 10th century, Alhazen proved empirically that light propagates linearly;Robert Grosseteste developed a theory of optics based on the works of al-Kindi and Ptolemaeus. Roger Bacon expanded on Grossetestess theory and integrated Alhazens optics into it. Finally, Kepler was able to use the foregoing findings to develop the modern theory of optics); Surgery(Abulcasis or Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas Al-Zahrawi developed procedures and instruments of modern surgery, such as the scalpel, syringe, vaginal speculum, etc.). In 1266, Theodo ric Borgogni published his Chirurgia, in which he advocates antiseptic surgery); Alchemy and Chemistry (The Jaberian Corpus, written in the 10th century by the Brotherhood of Purity (Ismaylia), the Summa Perfectionis, by Paulus de Tarento, the Secret of Secrets by al-Razi (Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya Razi);Trigonometry (al-Tusi, Regiomontanus and Puerbach made these methods wider known in the 15th century); Navigation (the astrolabe and the portable compass, Peter de Maricourt); Accurate lunar models(Ibn al-Shatir; Copernicus is believed to have relied on al-Shatirs model); Incendiary weapons and bombs (flame-throwers, land- and sea-mines, and rockets). Among important technological accomplishments and developments, the following can be listed: The windmill, first mentioned in 1185 (England); Paper manufacture began around 1270 (Italy); The spinning wheel (13th century); The magnetic compass for navigation, and the astrolabe (toward the end of the 13th century); Eyeglasses, in the late 13th century (Italy); The Hindu-Arabic numerals introduced to Europe in 1202 with the book Liber Abaci by Leonardo of Pisa; The stern-mounted rudder, which can be found on church carvings. The philosophy developed in the Middle Ages was the Scholasticism. It is founded on a reinterpretation of the works of Aristotle, with further refinements by scholars like Avicenna, Averroes, Albertus Magnus, Bonaventure, and Abà ©lard. Scholasticism believes in empirical studies, and its practitioners supported the Catholic Church. Perhaps the most famous practitioner of Scholasticism was Thomas of Aquinas. His Philosophy of mind teaches that the mind of a newborn baby is a tabula rasa that was given the ability to think, and to recognize forms, patterns, or ideas through a divine spark. In the late Middle Ages, the rate of scientific progress declined significantly due to the decline of the Muslim empires and the Byzantine Empire. This situation lasted until after the Renaissance. The Italian Reanaissance. The Italian Reanaissance brought further changes into the mode of thinking and lifestyle of people. The Renaissance philosophy is that of Humanism, which perhaps is more a method of learning than a philosophy per se. An approximate, but generally accepted definition of Humanism is â€Å"the movement to recover, interpret, and assimilate the language, literature, learning and values of ancient Greece and Rome†. Unlike the medieval scholars, humanists would apply a combination of reasoning and empirical evidence in reading and appraising ancient texts in the original. Humanist education focused on the study of five humanities: poetry, grammar, history, rhetoric, and moral philosophy. Above all, humanists asserted mans genius and the ability of the human mind, which is unique and extraordinary. Humanism is more secular in some aspects, but it unquestionably developed against a Christian backdrop, particularly in the Northern Renaissance. That period gave mankind some outstanding theologians, all of them followers of the humanist method. They include Zwingli, Calvin, Thomas More, Erasmus, and Martin Luther. In particular, Dr Martin Luther must be viewed as the liberator of the human soul, with whatever effect it had on subsequent cataclysmic developments in society, science, business, and trade. Although the people of the Renaissance were well aware of their freedom and creativity, the term creativity was not established yet. It was not until the 17th-century that the word â€Å"creativity† was applied for the first time. The man behind it was Polish poet Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski (1595-1640), also known as â€Å"the last Latin poet†. Sarbiewaski applied the term only to poetry. In his treatise, De perfecta poesi, he wrote that a poet â€Å"invents,† and creates anew (â€Å"de novo creat†) in the manner of God (â€Å"instar Dei†) (Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 248). Other arts, in Sarbiewskis opinion, do not create. They merely imitate and copy. Why Sarbiewski regarded creativity as something that only poetry could be associated with, thus excluding visual arts, follows from his opinion that arts (other than poetry) imitate and copy, rather than create, in that they assume the material from which they create is already available, and so is the subject. At the end of the 17th century Andrà © Fà ©libien (1619-75) called the painter â€Å"a creator†. Spanish Jesuit Baltasà ¡r Gracià ¡n (1601-58) saw art as the second Creator that complements nature. This formulation is reminiscent of Sarbiewskis formulations (Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 248). In the 18th century, the occurrence of the concept of creativity in art theory kept increasing. It was complemented with the concept of imagination. In Joseph Addisons opinion imagination â€Å"has something in it like creation†. A similar opinion was held by Voltaire (1740). These authors, however, equated only poet with creator (Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 248-9). Contrary views proliferated, too, particularly in France. Diderot worked with imagination, which he viewed merely as â€Å"the memory of forms and contents†, which â€Å"creates nothing†. It only combines, magnifies or diminishes. â€Å"The human mind cannot create†, wrote Charles Batteux. He, too, saw its products as displaying the stigmata of the model used. Étienne Bonnot de Condillac (1715-80) and Luc de Clapiers, known as marquis de Vauvenargues (1715-47), proposed similar ideas (Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 249). There were three reasons why they rejected the idea of human creativity: Creation was at that time reserved for creation ex nihilo. The latter was beyond mans abilities. Creation is a mysterious act. Enlightenment psychology, however, had no room for mysteries. Artists of that time age observed their rules. Creativity, however, seemed irreconcilable with rules. The third objection was, however, weak. Houdar de la Motte (1715) was one of the thinkers who suggested that rules, too, â€Å"are a human invention† (Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 249). The philosopher Marsilio Ficino wrote that the artists work is the result of thinking it up (â€Å"excogitatio†). Leon Battista Alberti, the theoretician of architecture and painting, claimed that he preordains (â€Å"preordinazione†), and Raphael claimed that his ideas shape his painting. Universal genius Leonardo da Vinci claimed that it was his idea that determined how his painting was shaped, using shapes that do not exist in nature. Another painter, Raphael Santi, too, claimed that he painted according to his ideas. Giorgio Vasari claimed that nature is conquered by art. Paolo Pino, the art theoretician from Venice claimed that painting is â€Å"inventing what is not†. Likewise, Paolo Veronese declared that painters take the same liberties as they were poets and madmen. â€Å"A new world, new paradises†was what an artist shapes, maintained Federico Zuccari. Cesare Cesariano extended this to architects whom he considered â€Å"demi-gods.† In the realm of music, according to the Dutch composer and musicologist Jan Tinctoris, a composer was â€Å"one who produces new songs†. He thus associated novelty with a composers work. Writers on poetry were even more consequent. Capriano claimed that poetic inventions spring â€Å"from nothing†. Francesco Patrizi held that poetry was a â€Å"fiction†, â€Å"shaping†, and â€Å"transformation† (Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 248). The developments in the Renaissance science were as dynamic as in the arts. Science and the arts were intermingled, which manifests best in the works of Leonardo da Vinci. He made observational drawings of nature and anatomy, set up and conducted controlled experiments in water-flow and aerodynamics, systematic study of motion, and medical dissection. Leonardo devised principles of scientific research method in the spirit of holistic, non-mechanistic and non-reductive approach popular today. Leonardo deserves the epithet â€Å"the father of modern science†. The focus on the process for discovery, the scientific method, corroborated by influential proponents such as Copernicus and Galileo, is perhaps the most significant development of that time. This revolutionary way of learning about the world stressed the importance of empirical evidence, as well as the importance of mathematics, rather than highlighting a given discovery. Age of Reason In the 18th century, the Age of Reason and Change, the concept of creativity appeared more frequently in art theory. Once again, famous personalities needed an ancillary concept to explain and justify creativity. One such concept was that of imagination. It was first used in 1712 by the English essayist, poet and publisher Joseph Addison. He published 11 essays on imagination in The Spectator. In one essay he claims that only the sense of sight supplies ideas to the imagination. He speculated about a congruence between imagiantion and creativity. By the same time, the famous French author and philosopher Franà §ois-Marie Arouet de Voltaire distinguished between passive and active imagination. On the latter he wrote in his Dictionnaire philosophique that â€Å"Active imagination is that which joins combination and reflection to memory. It brings near to us many objects at a distance; it separates those mixed together, compounds them, and changes them; it seems to create, while in fa ct it merely arranges; for it has not been given to man to make ideas-he is only able to modify them†. Voltaire continued: â€Å"This gift of nature is an imagination inventive in the arts in the disposition of a picture, in the structure of a poem.† Both authors thus indicate that poets are creative, and they equate poet with creator. Modern times The resistance against recognizing art as creativity, seen in the preceding centuries, crumbled totally in the 19thcentury. Now art gained recognition as creativity and, moreover, art alone was regarded as creativity. At the turn of the 20th century discussion of creativity in the art as well as in the sciences, e.g. by Jan Ã…Â ukasiewicz (Sinisi, 2004), and in nature (cf. Bergson, 1907) began. At this point concepts proper to art were applied to the sciences and to nature [Tatarkiewicz, 1980, p. 249]. There was, however, a long waiting time to the scientific study of creativity. The thinking of some modern time scholars will be expounded in the subsequent chapter. The beginning of scientific study of creativity is generally taken to be J. P. Guilfords address to the American Psychological Association in 1950. Many scholars joined in the effort to explore creativity in the years to come. They took a more pragmatic approach to this esoteric subject. As creativity became established as a discipline, scholars realized that creativity depends on being practiced. Creativity reveals itself in accomplishments and deeds, rather than in words. While a sound theoretical approach still was important, more and more emphasis was put on developing practical creativity techniques. Important personalities illustrating this approach include Alex Osborn, who in the 1950s invented brainstorming. In the same decade, Genrikh Altov, later calling himself Altshuller, came up with his â€Å"Theory of Inventive Problem Solving†, better known as TRIZ. In the 1960, Edward de Bono became famous after having developed his influential theory of â€Å"Lateral thinkin g.† These and other theories and techniques are expounded in more detail in subsequent chapters.

The Debate Over Roe v. Wade :: abortion argumentative persuasive argument

The Debate Over Roe v. Wade Many critics of the Roe v Wade resolution dispute that the Supreme Court's decision was mistaken because, as said by Robert Bork, "the right to abort, whatever one thinks of it, is not to be found in the Constitution". Consequently, they say the court did not translate the Constitution at all in making their influential mark on the citizens of the United States. Ronald Dworkin, on the other hand holds a different perspective of this situation. He tends to believe that although the technical terminology of abortion was not stated in the Constitution, the simple right of privacy, which in his mentality, deals with termination of a pregnancy. Some critics of the decision regarding Roe v Wade feel that the court is, in a sense, legalizing murder. Most refined critics on the other hand believe that the Court's decision on this issue was indeed wrong, but for different reasons. Like Bork, many feel that the Court had no right to interpret the binding piece of our country, the Constitution. Since the word "abortion" is not used in the Constitution, right-wing lawyer Bork states " Unfortunately, in the entire opinion there is not one line of explanation, not one sentence that qualifies as a legal argument ". (pg, 103, Bork) He continues to say " It is unlikely that it ever will, because the right to abort, whatever one thinks of it, is not found in the Constitution ". (Pg, 103, Bork) Dworkin, distinguished author of the book titled Life's Dominion, feels differently than the critics described above. He deems that the court does in fact have the right to interpret the Constitution. Dworkin agrees with Justice Blackmun's opinion in this great philosophical issue. Blackmun feels that " a pregnant woman has a specific constitutional right to privacy in matters of procreation, and that this general right includes a right to an abortion if she and her doctor decide upon it". (pg. 105, Blackmun) In 1965, another case regarding the right of privacy made a lasting and influential mark as well. In Griswold v. Connecticut the Court decided that a state does not have the right to prohibit the sale of contraceptives.

Human Resource is the Most Important Asset of an Organization Essay

I agree with the statement that â€Å"Human Resource is the most important asset of an organization.† Human resource is â€Å"the set of individuals who make up the workforce of an organization, business sector or an economy.† (â€Å"Human resource definition†). Human resource is the least mobile of the four factors of production, which are resources required for generation of goods and services. The other factors of production are natural resources, capital (including all man-made resources) and enterprise. (â€Å"Factors of production definition†). The most important aspects of human resource are the knowledge, skills, creativity and motivation possessed by people. These aspects of human resource improve with age and experience, which no other resource can do. Thus, human resource is often regarded as the scarcest and most important asset that creates the largest and longest lasting competitive advantage for an organization. The idea that human resource is the most important asset of an organization is particularly relevant to the business landscape of the 21st century. In developed and even developing countries, their economies are moving away from being manufacturing-based into being knowledge-based. To quote Peter F. Drucker, the famous management guru, educator and author: â€Å"The most important, and indeed the truly unique, contribution of management in the 20th century was the fifty-fold increase in the productivity of the manual worker in manufacturing. The most important contribution management needs to make in the 21st century is similarly to increase the productivity of knowledge work and the knowledge worker.† (Drucker, 1999, p135). Knowledge has become the key factor of productivity and competitive advantage for organizations in today’s economy. Since knowledge can only be created, utilized and transferred by human beings, it is clear that human resource is the most important asset of a modern organization. Other resources such as capital and raw materials are also necessary and have different functions in an organization. However, human resource is still the most important because  only people can plan the usage of these resources as a whole to create maximum value for the organization. Starbucks, the highly successful Seattle-based coffee store, is a great example of a company that believes that its human resource is its most important asset. Starbucks’ employees, called partners, are the key to their customers’ experience and the success of the company (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart and Wright, 2012, pp. 3-4). Starbucks wants its baristas to have good coffee knowledge, product expertise, and provide excellent customer service. Thus, Starbucks invests heavily in the training of its baristas. For example, Starbucks shut down most of its stores in 2008 for a full-day training event called â€Å"Perfect the Art of Expresso† to train its baristas make high-quality expresso for customers. To reward and retain its partners (â€Å"Facts About Starbucks and Our Partners (Employees)†), Starbucks offers its partners a Total Pay package including a fair and competitive wage, a 401(K) savings plan, stock options, an employee stock purchase plan and other perks. Starbucks offers comprehensive health benefits to partners who work part time, unlike most companies which offer health benefits only to full-time staff. Finally, Starbucks offer its partners flexible work hours so that they can enjoy better work-life balance. In the modern knowledge-based economy, many companies seek to gain a competitive advantage in the market. Human resource is the most important element to build the competitive advantage of a company. The knowledge, skills, experience and creativity of each individual contribute to the development of new products and services, which ultimately impact the profitability and growth of the company. The Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (3M), a manufacturing conglomerate based in Minnesota, is a great example of a company which empowers its human resource to develop innovations that contribute to its profitability and sustained competitive advantage. 3M is famous for offering the â€Å"15 Percent Rule† program to its employees to encourage their creativity and innovation efforts (â€Å"The 15 Percent Solution†). For decades, 3M employees can spend up to 15 percent of work hours on their own projects  which may not be directly related to their job’s mission. The â€Å"15 Percent Rule† program has spawned many of 3M’s successful products. For example, 3M scientist Art Fry developed the famous Post-It Note, which became one of the 3M’s best-selling products, during his â€Å"15 percent time†. Since human resource contribute directly to a company’s bottom line, it is very important to keep retain good employees. It is well known that when a company loses good employees, it is a costly and time-consuming process to recruit and train new employees to replace the ones who left. Thus, companies should value their human resource, which is their most important asset. It makes sense for companies to be great places to work at, because happy employees will directly contribute to their bottom line. Google has been ranked first in Fortune Magazine’s annual Best Companies to Work For in 2013 (â€Å"100 Best Companies to Work For†). Google is well known for its lavish perks for employees such as free gourmet food, free massages, on-site laundry, Wi-Fi commuting shuttles, etc. In fact, Google monitors its employees’ well-being to a great degree. Google’s HR department, called People Operations (or POPS), collects and monitors data on how employees respond to benefits (â€Å"Here’s How Google Became Such a Great Place to Work†). A few years ago, POPS noticed a problem that the departure rate of women who had recently gave birth was leaving Google at twice the average departure rate of the company. They rectified the problem by improving the maternity leave plan to give new Google mothers five flexible months off with full pay and benefits. After this plan was implemented, the attrition rate for new mothers was reduced by 50 percent. In conclusion, human resource is the most important asset of an organization. We have discussed the importance of human resource. We also provided several examples of how great companies like Starbucks, 3M and Google recognize the value of human resource and create competitive advantages by effective management of various aspects of their human resource. (Total: 998 words) References Human resource definition. Retrieved June 1, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resources Factors of production definition. Retrieved June 1, 2013, from http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/factors-of-production.html Drucker, P. F. (1999). Management Challenges for the 21st Century, pp. 135, Butterworth-Heinemann. Noe, R. A., Hollenbeck, J. R., Gerhart, B. and Wright, P. M. (2012). Human Resource Management: Gaining a Competitive Advantage, 8th Edition, McGraw-Hill. Facts About Starbucks and Our Partners (Employees). Retrieved June 1, 2013, from http://news.starbucks.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=225 The 15 Percent Solution. Retrieved June 1, 2013, from http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/1998/01/9858 100 Best Companies to Work For. Retrieved June 1, 2013, from http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/best-companies/2013/snapshots/1.html Here’s How Google Became Such A Great Place to Work. Retrieved June 1, 2013, from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/22/working-at-google_n_2526889.html